>Poland
People
Poland today is ethnically almost homogeneous (98% Polish), in contrast with the pre-World War II period, when there were significant ethnic minorities– 4.5 million Ukrainians, 3 million Jews, 1 million Belorussians, and 800,000 Germans. The majority of the Jews were murdered during the German occupation in World War II, and many others emigrated in the succeeding years.
Most Germans left Poland at the end of the war, while many Ukrainians and Belorussians lived in territories incorporated into the U.S.S.R. Small Ukrainian, Belorussian, Slovakian, and Lithuanian minorities reside along the borders, and a German minority is concentrated near the southwest city of Opole.
| 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2021 | |
| Population, total (millions) | 38.11 | 38.26 | 38.04 | 37.75 |
| Population growth (annual %) | 0.4 | -1 | -0.3 | -0.4 |
| Surface area (sq. km) (thousands) | 312.7 | 312.7 | 312.7 | 312.7 |
| Population density (people per sq. km of land area) | 124.4 | 124.9 | 124.2 | 123.3 |
| Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) | .. | 16 | 17.7 | 12.2 |
| Poverty headcount ratio at $2.15 a day (2017 PPP) (% of population) | .. | .. | 0.3 | 0.1 |
| Income share held by lowest 20% | .. | .. | 7.3 | 8.6 |
| Life expectancy at birth, total (years) | 71 | 74 | 76 | 76 |
| Fertility rate, total (births per woman) | 2.1 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.3 |
| Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19) | 30 | 17 | 16 | 10 |
| Contraceptive prevalence, any method (% of married women ages 15-49) | 73 | .. | 51 | .. |
| Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) | 98 | 99 | 100 | 100 |
| Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) | 17 | 9 | 6 | 4 |
| Prevalence of underweight, weight for age (% of children under 5) | .. | .. | 0.8 | .. |
| Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months) | 95 | 97 | 98 | 71 |
| Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) | 97 | 98 | 97 | 97 |
| School enrollment, primary (% gross) | 99.5 | 100.3 | 98.6 | 95.8 |
| School enrollment, secondary (% gross) | 85 | 101 | 100 | 106 |
| School enrollment, primary and secondary (gross), gender parity index (GPI) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49) | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Environment | ||||
| Forest area (sq. km) (thousands) | 88.8 | 90.6 | 93.3 | 95 |
| Terrestrial and marine protected areas (% of total territorial area) | .. | .. | .. | 38 |
| Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (% of internal resources) | 28.3 | 22.7 | 20.3 | 16.2 |
| Urban population growth (annual %) | 0.5 | -1 | -0.5 | -0.3 |
| Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita) | 2,706 | 2,320 | 2,640 | .. |
| CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita) | 9.19 | 7.73 | 8.25 | 7.37 |
| Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) | 3,272 | 3,256 | 3,797 | .. |
| Total debt service (% of exports of goods, services and primary income) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Net migration (thousands) | -41 | 316 | -9 | -3 |