>India
People
The people of India are Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, and other 3% (2000)
Languages
Hindi 43.6%, Bengali 8%, Marathi 6.9%, Telugu 6.7%, Tamil 5.7%, Gujarati 4.6%, Urdu 4.2%, Kannada 3.6%, Odia 3.1%, Malayalam 2.9%, Punjabi 2.7%, Assamese 1.3%, Maithili 1.1%, other 5.6%; note - English enjoys the status of subsidiary official language but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; there are 22 other officially recognized languages: Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu; Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an official language (2011 est.)
.
| 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | |
| Population, total (millions) | 873.28 | 1,056.58 | 1,234.28 | 1,380.00 |
| Population growth (annual %) | 2.1 | 1.8 | 1.4 | 1 |
| Surface area (sq. km) (thousands) | 3,287.30 | 3,287.30 | 3,287.30 | 3,287.30 |
| Population density (people per sq. km of land area) | 293.7 | 355.4 | 415.1 | 464.1 |
| Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) | 45.3 | .. | 21.9 | .. |
| Poverty headcount ratio at $1.90 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population) | 47.6 | .. | 22.5 | .. |
| Income share held by lowest 20% | 8.9 | .. | 8.1 | .. |
| Life expectancy at birth, total (years) | 58 | 63 | 67 | 70 |
| Fertility rate, total (births per woman) | 4 | 3.3 | 2.6 | 2.2 |
| Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19) | 99 | 67 | 35 | 10 |
| Contraceptive prevalence, any method (% of married women ages 15-49) | 45 | 47 | 55 | .. |
| Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) | 34 | 43 | 52 | .. |
| Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) | 126 | 92 | 58 | 33 |
| Prevalence of underweight, weight for age (% of children under 5) | 52.8 | 46.3 | .. | 33.4 |
| Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months) | 56 | 56 | 82 | 89 |
| Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) | 64 | 71 | 93 | 95 |
| School enrollment, primary (% gross) | 91.4 | 94.3 | 109.1 | 99.9 |
| School enrollment, secondary (% gross) | 37 | 45 | 63 | 75 |
| School enrollment, primary and secondary (gross), gender parity index (GPI) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Environment | ||||
| Forest area (sq. km) (thousands) | 639.4 | 675.9 | 695 | 721.6 |
| Terrestrial and marine protected areas (% of total territorial area) | .. | .. | .. | 3.5 |
| Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (% of internal resources) | 36.1 | 44.3 | 44.8 | 44.8 |
| Urban population growth (annual %) | 3 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.3 |
| Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita) | 350 | 417 | 562 | .. |
| CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita) | 0.64 | 0.89 | 1.35 | 1.8 |
| Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) | 272 | 394 | 640 | .. |
| Net migration (thousands) | -553 | -1,889 | -2,350 | -2,663 |